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We begin with a fundamental problem in secure communication.
Traditional encryption protects the content of communication, but it does not hide communication behavior.
As a result, adversaries can analyze traffic patterns, identify active links, and launch jamming or interception attacks.
Therefore, encryption alone is not sufficient for covert communication.
To achieve true covertness, we must move beyond hiding payloads and instead hide the transmission path itself.
This motivates the use of random routing.
Existing systems can be divided into two categories.
Flow-granularity systems, such as Tor and Vuvuzela, provide strong anonymity, but suffer from high latency.
Packet-granularity systems, such as KRRD, forward each packet along an independent random path.
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IEEE/ICACT20260355 Slide.02
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