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Generally, quantum states are encoded with photons to be transmitted through quantum channels built by optical fibers, but this method suffers from severe loss and the success rate drops exponentially.
Entanglement is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics where two or more particles become correlated as a indivisible entity, regardless of how distant they are physically separated. Based on the characteristic of entanglement, the quantum teleportation protocol was developed to overcome the photon loss problem and send a qubit state magically: first let Alice and Bob share an entanglement, then Alice operates and measures on the arbitrary qubit to be sent and half of the entangled pair, transmit the measurement results to Bob through classical channel, finally Bob perform necessary alternation on his qubit and actually gets the original arbitrary state.
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IEEE/ICACT20240378 Slide.03
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