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For a particular mode, only waveguides with a specific cross-sectional area can support the entire mode. In optical communication applications, the fundamental TE mode is mainly used in the transmission of information.
The most frequently used cross-sectional area for a waveguide that can support the fundamental TE mode at negligible loss are usually at a height of 200nm and a width of 500nm.
If the waveguide has a smaller cross-sectional area, the entire fundamental mode cannot be supported as the mode will be partially distributed in the outer region of the waveguide.
Whereas, if the waveguide has a larger cross-sectional area, undesirable higher order modes will be easily excited.
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IEEE/ICACT20210161 Slide.04
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