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There are major challenges for underwater localizations, including (1) node mobility concerns driven by water currents, turbulence, and winds that displace sensor nodes from their positions. (2) Sensor node deployment is critical in network establishment but challenging in harsh underwater conditions. (3) Achieving synchronization without GPS signals poses a challenge, leading to significant localization errors in time-of-arrival-based ranging due to lack of synchronization. (4) Limited bandwidth since RF signals can not be used for communication in UWSN, but use acoustic signals for communication which has very limited bandwidth. (5) High propagation delay, since the propagation speed of the acoustic signals is less than the RF signals, resulting in significant propagation delays. (6) Limited energy since sensor nodes are equipped with small batteries that are very difficult to recharge or replace. |
IEEE/ICACT20240426 Slide.04
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