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Based on the trust gap, our paper makes two main contributions.
First, we design a stack-scripted verification layer for RSUs. Vehicle registration and model submission are standardized as stack-based scripts, so RSUs can perform rapid verification under the same set of rules.
At the same time, we achieve conditional privacy by binding each vehicle¡¯s pseudonym while keeping a restricted traceability link so a trusted authority can trace only when necessary.
Second, we propose Committee-based Chained HotStuff. It addresses the leader bottleneck in original Chained HotStuff by delegating signature aggregation to a committee and enabling parallel block preparation, which reduces consensus latency and improves throughput and stability.
Together, these components form a practical IoV-FL framework that combines deterministic verification, on-chain pseudonym management, and scalable BFT consensus.
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