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Triangulation, fingerprinting, dead-reckoning and proximity are the approaches used in VLC for user positioning.
Triangulation uses Time of Arrival, Time Difference of Arrival, Angle of Arrival and Received Signal Strength to determine the absolute position. TOA and TDOA are not feasible for real-time implementation whereas AoA and RSSI are used for VLC based positioning. AOA is more accurate in photodiode-based receiver than the camera-based receiver.
Fingerprinting approach estimates the relative position by matching real-time value with the pre-measured location data. It is sensitive to environment changes.
Dead-reckoning is a fusion positioning method that uses additional sensors such as accelerometer, gyroscope to estimate the relative position.
Proximity approach determines the location based on the signal from a single LED base station with a unique identification code.
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IEEE/ICACT20230039 Slide.06
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