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Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs): Functions that satisfy two conditions: 1) extrema and zero-crossings are equal or differ at most by one, and 2) the mean value of the envelope defined by local maxima and minima is zero. Sifting Process: The algorithm, which includes finding local extrema, generating upper/lower envelopes via cubic splines, calculating the mean, and subtracting it from the signal to extract IMFs. Residual: The final, monotonic trend left after all IMFs are extracted. Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT): Often combined with EMD to provide accurate instantaneous frequency analysis. |