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So, this is the overall system architecture of the proposed IoV framework. We assume a three tier IoV architecture. First vehicle generates a key pair using an onboard HSM, creates an HID, trains its own local model using collected data and submits model parameters to nearby RSU
Each RSU verifies requests via stack scripts, and forms the blockchain network to store authentication and parameters.
And the server is a trusted authority that manages fl epochs and audit keys, approves pseudonym changes, and can trace past pseudonyms only under legitimate procedures using an encrypted on-chain pointer.
So our design goals are: unlinkability with conditional traceability via the server, data integrity and anti-forgery via signatures and stack-based policy verification, and scalability by keeping consensus among RSUs and offloading vehicles.
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