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This slide introduces two fundamental concepts: crowd density and crowd pressure.
First, crowd density is defined as the number of individuals forming the crowd divided by the occupied area, measured in square meters.
As crowd density increases, physical contact between individuals becomes unavoidable, and this directly leads to the generation of crowd pressure.
Crowd pressure can be categorized into three types.
Aggregate crowd pressure refers to the total force exerted by the crowd per unit wall length.
Frontal pressure is the force transmitted in the same direction as an externally applied force acting on the crowd.
Lateral pressure represents force propagation perpendicular to the applied direction, which is a key mechanism behind pressure waves in dense crowds.
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IEEE/ICACT20260308 Slide.06
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