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The CNN–Transformer hybrid architecture consists of three main components.
First, the CNN feature extractor uses one-dimensional convolutional layers with batch normalization and ReLU activation to extract local features from I/Q samples.
Second, the Transformer block applies multi-head attention to model temporal dependencies across the signal sequence.
Residual connections and layer normalization are used to stabilize training.
Finally, a lightweight multilayer perceptron produces the final modulation classification output. |