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Limitations of Existing Methods
Existing approaches suffer from several limitations.
First, static multi-rate scheduling mostly relies on numerical stability or error bounds and cannot adapt to bursty protocol-level events.
Second, FMI 2.0 lacks explicit event clocks, forcing master algorithms to rely on inefficient high-frequency polling.
Third, although communication–dynamics co-simulation has been studied, it mainly focuses on power systems or automotive domains and does not reflect high-latency maritime satellite links.
As a result, there is a clear gap: no FMI 2.0-compatible synchronization method that leverages internal protocol states, such as SYN, ACK, or retransmission, for dynamic step switching.
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IEEE/ICACT20260349 Slide.06
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