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This slide explains the process and characteristics of crowd wave phenomena caused by high crowd density and crowd pressure.
The analysis is based on YouTube video footage captured by a fixed CCTV camera over a four-second interval, which allows us to observe rapid dynamic changes in the crowd.
As pedestrians continuously arrive at a key location, local congestion begins to form. When the inflow of people exceeds the outflow, density increases and movement becomes constrained.
Under these conditions, crowd pressure accumulates and is transmitted laterally through physical contact, generating wave-like motions within the crowd.
These crowd waves are characterized by synchronized body oscillations and pressure propagation, even when individuals are not intentionally moving.
This phenomenon indicates a transition from static congestion to a dynamic and unstable crowd state, which significantly increases the risk of crowd collapse.
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IEEE/ICACT20260308 Slide.07
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