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Existing approaches face clear limitations underwater. Proactive routing schemes suffer from long convergence delays due to long RTTs, reactive schemes rely heavily on broadcast and can trigger severe overhead, and terrestrial fast reroute designs are often mismatched: precomputed backups become fragile under multi-node failures, while failure-carrying or similar approaches can impose heavy per-packet computation that is unsuitable for energy- and computation-constrained underwater nodes. What underwater networks need is a lightweight, localized, data-plane-driven recovery mechanism. |