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NSPMT (NFC-based Secure Protocol for Mobile Transactions) applies a defense-in-depth strategy with elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), AES-GCM encryption, and formal verification. It scores highly on cryptographic strength and verified protocol soundness, with demonstrated resistance to relay and token-reuse attacks.
Privacy-Preserving Protocols emphasise offline session key generation, MAC-based authentication, and hash chaining. They offer strong privacy guarantees and resilience to tracking and replay, though deployment complexity and user transparency remain considerations.
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