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The multi-factor authentication mechanism used in this study primarily employs the APP-ID technique developed by Palo Alto Networks, a precise traffic identification and classification system.
Unlike the conventional fourth-layer firewall, the APP-ID technology does not rely on port connection or communication protocols to identify applications but utilizes various mechanisms to check them.
Such a technique provides visibility, operational status, behavior traits, and relevant risk information regarding the applications, preventing the possible methods of evading inspection used by hackers.
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IEEE/ICACT20240064 Slide.11
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