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In the Results and Discussions section, we included 549 patient records for analysis after eliminating missing values during preprocessing. The investigation focused on 21 relevant features from the preprocessed data. Employing an 80-20 split for training and testing, we used three models—Gradient Boosting Machine, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Decision Tree. The evaluation involved calculating accuracy, specificity, and recall metrics for each model, providing a comprehensive analysis of their performance in predicting axillary lymph node metastases. |