IEEE/ICACT20260308 Slide.12        [Big Slide]       Oral Presentation
Many studies and systems have already been introduced to improve crowd safety. These include simulation-based approaches such as the Social Force Model and pedestrian flow models, as well as proxemics-based theories focusing on interpersonal distance. In addition, several commercial and AI-based systems use CCTV data for crowd monitoring and risk analysis. However, most of these approaches focus on density or flow, rather than directly capturing crowd collapse dynamics.

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