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IEEE/ICACT20260142 Slide.16        [Big Slide]	Oral Presentation
	We detect spikes and dips as sudden deviations in time series metrics, such as TPS or latency, which often signal traffic surges or overloads in charging gateways. Short spikes appear as isolated points, while long spikes or dips span contiguous segments. To handle, we use Z-score normalization: thats (xi minus the mean) divided by the standard deviation. For outliers, median absolute deviation steps in, calculated as the median of absolute differences from the median.

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