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For the storage efficiency evaluation, we construct URSP rules using basic components such as OS App ID, S-NSSAI, and DNN, with one rule per application.
We then run large-scale simulations at three different scales: 10 million, 50 million, and 100 million UEs, while gradually increasing application diversity.
For each UE, the policy configuration follows GSMA guidelines, including rules for IMS traffic, general Internet access, a match-all rule, and between one and five application-specific rules, all within 3GPP constraints.
Application usage is modeled using a Zipf distribution, which reflects real-world application popularity and explains the high level of policy duplication observed across UEs |