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Our validation results show clear and consistent density-dependent crowd behavior patterns.
Under normal flow conditions, with density below four persons per square meter, individuals moved freely with minimal physical interaction.
As density increased to between five and eight persons per square meter, mobility became restricted and body contact became unavoidable.
In the high-risk zone, between eight and ten persons per square meter, lateral pressure waves emerged, indicating growing crowd instability.
At densities above twelve persons per square meter, voluntary movement completely ceased, resulting in full immobilization.
These results are consistent with established crowd dynamics models and confirm that density alone can act as an early proxy for elevated risk.
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IEEE/ICACT20260308 Slide.16
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