IEEE/ICACT20260208 Slide.17        [Big Slide]       Oral Presentation
As the number of nodes increases, throughput drops and latency rises for all protocols. The key reason that committee based chained hotstuff performs better is workload redistribution. By removing vote collection and aggregation to a committee, we mitigate leader side concentration and reduce QC-related waiting For IoV federated learning this means more stable consensus under frequent update traffic, but committee internal coordination can still add overhead which we note as a practical limitation.

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