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Our second result focuses on inter-personal spacing as a micro-level indicator of crowd compression.
We measured the average distance between each individual and their nearest neighbors, which captures physical compression independent of overall crowd density.
In the Meron 2021 case, spacing decreased to approximately 0.12 to 0.15 meters shortly before collapse, while in the Itaewon 2022 case, it dropped further to 0.08 to 0.10 meters, indicating extreme physical restriction.
Frame-by-frame analysis showed that spacing declined more sharply than density as collapse approached, suggesting that inter-personal distance is a more sensitive early indicator of crush onset.
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IEEE/ICACT20260308 Slide.17
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