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Our third result evaluates the interpretability and validity of the Crowd Pressure Index.
The CPI combines crowd density and inter-personal spacing using empirically tuned weights, where the inverse of spacing captures the nonlinear increase in pressure as distance decreases.
Based on CPI values, crowd states can be clearly classified into stable, compression, crowd-wave, and collapse-imminent phases.
In the Meron 2021 case, CPI reached approximately eighty, indicating an active crowd-wave regime.
In contrast, the Itaewon 2022 case exceeded one hundred, corresponding to a collapse-critical state.
These results closely match the physical conditions observed in real footage, validating CPI as a quantitative measure of crushing pressure.
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IEEE/ICACT20260308 Slide.18
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