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Inspired by the great success of DAE based deep network architecture in facial expression recognition [49], its variations have also been developed.
Deep sparse autoencoders have been stacked into a deep structure (DSAE) and proposed to solve the problem [50]. Different from autoencoders, sparse autoencoders have a greater number of hidden nodes than the number of input nodes. A sparsity penalty is applied on the hidden layer in addition to the reconstruction error in order to prevent overfitting.
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